Honey Selection Science Guide
1. Authenticity Verification Methods Adulterant Detection Method Certification Standard Scientific Basis Cane Sugar C4 Plant Sugar Test δ¹³C ≤ -23.5‰ C3 plants (real honey) vs C4 plants (sugar) isotopic discrimination Syrups SMR (Specific Marker Ratio) 0.95 ≤ SMR ≤ 1.05 HPLC analysis of oligosaccharide profiles Excess Water Refractometer (20°C) ≤20% moisture International Honey Commission standard…